KRE ALKLYN CREATINE DOES NOT CAUSE BLOATING AND IS SUPERIOR TO CREATINE MONOHYDRATE IN REGARDS TO IMPROVING YOUR PERFORMANCE. I USE THIS MYSELF WITH A 1 SCOOP TWICE PER DAY.  CREATINE STORES ARE CRITICAL FOR THE ATP CP SYSTEM AS SHOWN IN THE ENERGY PATHWAYS GRAPH UNDER BODYBUILDING AND TRAINING EPISODES

AS A PRE CURSOR TO MUSCLE LEVELS OF CARNOSINE, THIS SUPPLEMENT IS ALSO HIGHLY BENEFICIAL. PREFERABLY USE THE SWOLVERINE BRAND. HOWEVER, BODY TECH BRAND IS SOLD AT VITAMIN SHOPPE THAT ALSO HAS CARNOSYN BRAND BETA ALANINE. EITHER ONE BUT ONCE AGAIN, SWOLVERINE IS PREFERABLE. DOSAGE IS 30 MG PER KG OF BODYWEIGHT.

FROM THE NATIONAL LIBRARY OF MEDICINE...

 Coenzyme Q-10 (CoQ-10 or Ubiquinone) is a naturally occurring quinone that is found in most aerobic organisms from bacteria to mammals. It was first identified in 1940, and isolated from the mitochondria of the beef heart, in 1957. Coenzyme Q10 is also known as Coenzyme Q, CoQ, CoQ10, Ubiquinone, Ubiquinone-Q10, Ubidecarenone, or Vitamin Q10. The various types of Coenzyme Q can be distinguished by the number of isoprenoid side-chains they have. The most common Coenzyme Q in human mitochondria is CoQ10. The 10 refers to the number of isoprene repeats. CoQ10 is ubiquitous in human tissues, although its level is variable. The level of CoQ10 is the highest in organs with high rates of metabolism such as the heart, kidney, and liver (114, 66.5, and 54.9g/g tissue, respectively), where it functions as an energy transfer molecule. The primary biochemical action of CoQ10 is as a cofactor in the electron-transport chain, in the series of redox reactions that are involved in the synthesis of adenosine triphosphate. As most cellular functions are dependent on an adequate supply of Adenosine triphosphate (ATP), CoQ10 is essential for the health of virtually all human tissues and organs. Coenzyme Q10 is one of the most significant lipid antioxidants, which prevents the generation of free radicals and modifications of proteins, lipids, and DNA. In many disease conditions connected with increased generation and the action of reactive oxygen species (ROS), the concentration of coenzyme Q10 in the human body decreases[1,2] and the deficiency of coenzyme Q10 leads to the dysfunction of the respiratory chain, which is due to the insufficient production of highly energetic compounds, which decrease the efficiency of cells. To protect the cells and organ systems of the body against ROS, humans have evolved a highly sophisticated and complex antioxidant protection system. It involves a variety of components, both endogenous and exogenous in origin, which function interactively and synergistically to neutralize free radicals and include nutrient-derived antioxidants (Vitamin C and E, beta carotene, and polyphenols), antioxidant enzymes (bilirubin, thiols, ubiquinones, and uric acid), metal-binding proteins (albumin, ceruloplasmin, ferritin, and myoglobin), and numerous other antioxidant phytonutrients (plant-derived substances) present in a wide variety of plant foods.[3] Antioxidants, such as CoQ10, can neutralize free radicals and may reduce or even help prevent some of the damage they cause. CoQ10 improves energy, augments the immune system, and acts as an antioxidant. The potential use of coenzyme Q10 supplements alone or in combination with other drug therapies and nutritional supplements may help prevent or treat some of the following conditions: cardiovascular diseases, high blood pressure, cancer, periodontal diseases, mitochondrial disorders, radiation injury, obesity, diabetes, Parkinson's disease, acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS), gastric ulcers, allergy, migraine headaches, kidney failure, muscular dystrophy, and aging. CoQ10 plays a significant role in boosting the immune system and physical performance, as tissues and cells involved with immune function are highly energy-dependent and therefore require an adequate supply of CoQ10 for optimal function. Primary dietary sources of CoQ10 include oily fish (such as salmon and tuna), organ meats (such as liver), and whole grains. Most individuals obtain sufficient amounts of CoQ10 through a balanced diet, but supplementation may be useful for individuals with particular health conditions. CoQ10 is available as a supplement in several forms, including soft gel capsules, oral spray, hard shell capsules, and tablets. A typical CoQ10 dosage is 30 to 90 mg per day, taken in divided doses, but the recommended amount can be as high as 200 mg per day. CoQ10 is fat-soluble, so it is better absorbed when taken with a meal that contains oil or fat. The clinical effect is not immediate and may take up to eight weeks. Side effects of CoQ10 may include diarrhea and rash; safety of Co q10 in pregnant or nursing women, or children has not been established. It is concluded that Coenzyme Q10 (ubiquinone/ubiquinol) is a fat-soluble quinone with a structure similar to that of vitamin K. It is an effective antioxidant both on its own and in fusion with vitamin E and is fundamental in powering the body's energy production ATP cycle. CoQ10 is found throughout the body in cell membranes, especially in the mitochondrial membranes, and is chiefly abundant in the heart, lungs, liver, kidneys, spleen, pancreas, and adrenal glands. The whole body content of CoQ10 is only about 500-1500 mg and decreases with age. Coenzyme Q10 is one of the most significant lipid antioxidants that prevents the generation of free radicals and modifications of proteins, lipids, and DNA. 

FROM PUB MED, NATIONAL LIBRARY OF MEDICINE :

Christopher Shade, PhD*Copyright and License information PMC 

In June of 2018, the World Health Organization (WHO) released the 11th edition of its International Classification of Diseases, and for the first time added aging.1 The classification of aging as a disease paves the way for new research into novel therapeutics to delay or reverse age-related illnesses such as cancer, cardiovascular and metabolic disease, and neurodegeneration.2,3 Nutrient sensing systems have been an intense focus of investigation, including mTOR (the mammalian target of rapamycin) for regulating protein synthesis and cell growth; AMPK (activated protein kinase) for sensing low energy states; and sirtuins, a family of seven proteins critical to DNA expression and aging, which can only function in conjunction with NAD+ (nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide), a coenzyme present in all living cells.4

Across the kingdom of life, an increase in intracellular levels of NAD+ triggers shifts that enhance survival, including boosting energy production and upregulating cellular repair.5 In fact, the slow, ineluctable process of aging has been described as a “cascade of robustness breakdown triggered by a decrease in systemic NAD+ biosynthesis and the resultant functional defects in susceptible organs and tissues.”6 Aging is marked by epigenetic shifts, genomic instability, altered nutrient sensing ability, telomere attrition, mitochondrial dysfunction, cellular senescence, stem cell exhaustion, and dysregulated intercellular communication.7,8

By middle age, our NAD+ levels have plummeted to half that of our youth.9 Numerous studies have demonstrated that boosting NAD+ levels increases insulin sensitivity, reverses mitochondrial dysfunction, and extends lifespan.10,11 NAD+ levels can be increased by activating enzymes that stimulate synthesis of NAD+, by inhibiting an enzyme (CD38) that degrades NAD+, and by supplementing with NAD precursors, including nicotinamide riboside(NR) and nicotinamide mononucleotide (NMN).12,13 A conceptual framework called NAD World, formulated over the last decade by developmental biologist Shin-ichiro Imai, MD, PhD, of Washington University School of Medicine, posits NMN as a critical, systemic signaling molecule that maintains biological robustness of the communication network supporting NAD+.6

Taken orally, NMN is rapidly absorbed and converted to NAD+.14 In numerous studies, supplementation with NMN has increased NAD+ biosynthesis, suppressed age-related adipose tissue inflammation, enhanced insulin secretion and insulin action, improved mitochondrial function, improved neuronal function in the brain, and more. Here, we look at the science behind NMN, its stability, possible pharmacokinetics, transport, function, and ability to induce biosynthesis of NAD+.15 Supplementing NMN may be an effective nutraceutical anti-aging intervention, with beneficial effects on a wide array of physiological functions.16

A veritable symphony of interlocking transformations allows NAD+ to be both synthesized and regulated in the body. It is well known that vitamin B3 is a building block for Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+). It is also widely recognized that NMN is a potent precursor for NAD+. Though NMN is naturally found in small amounts in fruits and vegetables such as avocados, broccoli, cabbage, edamame, and cucumbers17, in mammals most NMN is synthesized from vitamin B3 in the form of nicotinamide. At the center is nicotinamide phosphoribosyltransferase (NAMPT), an essential rate-limiting enzyme that catalyzes the conversion from nicotinamide to NMN, which exists in both an intracellular (iNAMPT) and extracellular form (eNAMPT).18 The extracellular form has higher enzymatic activity than the intracellular form and has been found in blood plasma, seminal plasma and cerebrospinal fluid in humans.19,20 In addition, eNAMPT appears to be produced by a wide array of cell types—including fat (adipocytes), liver (hepatocytes), white blood cells (leukocytes and monocytes), and heart and brain cells (cardiomyocytes and glia cells).21 Like NAD+ and NMN, eNAMPT declines with age. Both white and brown adipocytes actively secrete eNAMPT, suggesting that fatty tissue may be a modulator of NAD+ biosynthesis.6 Adipose tissue actively secretes extracellular vesicles (EVs) that are enriched with NMN, and can circulate through the plasma. EVs are membrane-derived particles surrounded by a phospholipid bilayer that are released by cells in the human body.22 These EVs not only protect their cargo, they can deposit their payload where needed.23

NMN and NR dance together. NMN can be converted by the body to NR, which then enters cells, and is converted back to NMN by an enzyme called nicotinamide riboside kinase (NRK). More recently, an “elusive’ transporter was discovered, which can transport NMN directly into cells.24 NMN is transported across cell membranes directly into the cytoplasm of the cell, by an enzyme called Slc12a8. Uptake pathways of NMN vary with tissue types, and interestingly, Slc12a8 expression is about 100-fold times higher in the small intestine of mice than the brain or adipose tissue. Researchers speculate that the gut microbiome, and certain resident bacteria within it, may produce NMN.25

NMN levels fall with age, and aging itself has also been shown to significantly compromise the body’s conversion of NMN to NAD+.26

In numerous mouse models of disease and aging, NMN has demonstrated a wide array of remarkable effects, benefitting conditions ranging from diabetes to Alzheimer’s disease to ischemia.27 Orally

administered NMN is quickly synthesized into NAD+ in tissues in mice. NMN has been able to suppress age-associated weight gain, enhance energy metabolism and physical activity, improve insulin sensitivity, improve eye function, improve mitochondrial metabolism and prevent age-linked changes in gene expression.28 In mice bred to be diabetic or obese, NMN improved both the action and secretion of insulin.29 NMN also protected the mouse heart from ischemia and/or reperfusion injury.30 It has restored skeletal muscle in aged mice31, and slowed cognitive decline in a mouse model of Alzheimer’s disease, by improving the survival of neurons, improving energy metabolism, and reducing reactive oxygen species.32 It may help maintain the integrity of the blood brain barrier.33 NMN is likely a good candidate to suppress inflammaging—the increase in inflammation associated with aging—since studies show it lowers adipose tissue inflammation associated with age. In fact, older mice appear to be more responsive to NMN, in comparison with young mice.

NMN appears to be stable in water; in one study 93%–99% of NMN was maintained intact in drinking water at room temperature for 7–10 days. NMN also appears to be rapidly absorbed. When given to mice by oral gavage, there was a steep increase of plasma NMN in a mere two and a half minutes, with further increases at 5-10 minutes. Plasma levels then declined to baseline, suggesting rapid absorption in the gut.29 Long-term (1-year) NMN given orally, in doses of up to 300 mg/kg, was found to be safe and well tolerated in normal mice.29

NMN is clearly a murine fountain of youth. But what about humans? Shin-ichiro Imai has said that NMN may improve adult human metabolism, rendering it more like that of someone ten or twenty years younger.34 His team is now studying NMN in humans. David Sinclair, Harvard University’s noted anti-aging researcher, whose research on resveratrol, NAD+ and sirtuins is world renowned, is also conducting human trials. He is taking NMN himself; he has said his lipid profile has improved dramatically and he feels more energetic and that his blood markers, at nearly 60 years old, are closer to those of a 31-year-old.35,36

An interesting question is the delivery system for oral NMN: the EVs that transport the molecule through plasma in the body are liposomes. A liposomal version of NMN may well mimic the body’s own transport system, enhancing uptake and delivery, as science advances its understanding of the holy grail of reversing aging.

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 Carnitine plays a critical role in energy production. It is an essential cofactor that helps transport long-chain fatty acids into the mitochondria so that they can be oxidized to produce energy in the form of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) [4]. Carnitine also helps transport some toxic compounds out of the mitochondria [4]. 

 Table 1: Carnitine Content of Foods,

 Milligrams per serving : 

Beef steak, cooked, 3 ounces 42–122

Ground beef, cooked, 3 ounces 65–74

Milk, whole, 1 cup 8

Codfish, cooked, 3 ounces 3–5

Chicken breast, cooked, 3 ounces 2–4

note the tremendous amount of carnitine in beef. while the body can synthesize l carntine on its own, it is obvious that upon a strenuous exercise program, if you arent ingesting beef regularly, for optimum l carnitine, you could end up deficient as the body tries to keep up with l carnitine demand. henceforth the benefit of l carnitine supplementation.

FROM PUB MED, NATIONAL LIBRARY OF MEDICINE

Karen R. Jonscher,1 Winyoo Chowanadisai,2 and Robert B. Rucker3,*Piergiorgio Messa, Academic Editor

Pyrroloquinoline quinone (PQQ) is associated with biological processes such as mitochondriogenesis, reproduction, growth, and aging. In addition, PQQ attenuates clinically relevant dysfunctions (e.g., those associated with ischemia, inflammation and lipotoxicity). PQQ is novel among biofactors that are not currently accepted as vitamins or conditional vitamins. For example, the absence of PQQ in diets produces a response like a vitamin-related deficiency with recovery upon PQQ repletion in a dose-dependent manner. Moreover, potential health benefits, such as improved metabolic flexibility and immuno-and neuroprotection, are associated with PQQ supplementation. Here, we address PQQ’s role as an enzymatic cofactor or accessory factor and highlight mechanisms underlying PQQ’s actions. We review both large scale and targeted datasets demonstrating that a neonatal or perinatal PQQ deficiency reduces mitochondria content and mitochondrial-related gene expression. Data are reviewed that suggest PQQ’s modulation of lactate acid and perhaps other dehydrogenases enhance NAD+-dependent sirtuin activity, along with the sirtuin targets, such as PGC-1α, NRF-1, NRF-2 and TFAM; thus, mediating mitochondrial functions. Taken together, current observations suggest vitamin-like PQQ has strong potential as a potent therapeutic nutraceutical.

VIEW IMAGE BELOW REGARDING PQQ AND NAD.

THIS STIMULANT COMPOUND I LIKE BECAUSE YOU CAN OBTAIN IT VIA ORGANIC COCOA POWDER INEXPENSIVELY AND NATURALLY.. YOU CAN, WITH SOME ORGANIC CANE SUGAR MAKE YOURSELF SOME HEALTHY CHOCOLATE MILK.

 The Science Explained: How Two Ingredients Offer Energy, Mood, Motivation & Focus Benefits - Compound Solutions : Compound Solutions .

THESE COULD GIVE YOU ENERGY BY INCREASING YOUR METABLIC RATE THOUGH I WOULDNT RECOMMEND DOING SO. SOME BODYBUILDERS DO OF COURSE.